When it comes to celebrating the most meaningful day of our lives, finding the perfect wedding gold ring is one of the most important decisions we’ll make. This timeless symbol of love and unity represents not only our commitment but also our shared journey ahead. In Singapore, couples are spoilt for choice with exquisite jewellers offering exceptional craftsmanship, stunning designs, and meaningful customisation options to suit every love story. From minimalist elegance to intricate detailing, the city’s finest jewellery shops create pieces that beautifully capture the essence of everlasting love. Whether we’re planning a grand celebration or an intimate ceremony, choosing the right ring ensures that every glance at our hand reminds us of the promise we made to one another.
Note: This list is strictly not in order.
1. Rio Diamonds Pte Ltd
Rio Diamonds Pte Ltd is known for crafting elegant and contemporary pieces that speak of luxury and romance. Their bespoke designs ensure each couple can create a truly personal wedding gold ring that matches their unique love story. The jeweller uses high-quality gold and precious materials, combined with meticulous attention to detail, to produce rings of exceptional brilliance. Their expert craftsmen are renowned for their artistry and precision, ensuring every band is comfortable, stylish, and timeless. With customisation options available, couples can choose from a range of designs, from classic yellow gold to trendy rose or white gold. Their boutique experience also allows you to work directly with designers for a perfect fit. Rio Diamonds continues to be a preferred destination for couples seeking modern sophistication. Their commitment to excellence makes every ring a masterpiece to be cherished for life.
Prices:
- Sakura Diamond Wedding Ring in 18K White Gold – $750.00
- Kiichi Diamond Wedding Ring in 18K Rose Gold (Pair) – $850.00
- Yoshitu Diamond Wedding Ring in 18K White and Rose Gold (Pair) – $1,850.00
- Susumu Diamond Wedding Ring in 18K White and Rose Gold (Pair) – $1,800.00
- Mitsuye Diamond Wedding Ring in 18K White Gold (Pair) – $2,030.00
- Rumi Diamond Wedding Ring in 18K White and Rose Gold (Pair) – $1,950.00
- Tori Diamond Wedding Ring in 18K White and Rose Gold (Pair) – $1,880.00
- Emi Diamond Wedding Ring in 18K White and Rose Gold (Pair) – $1,900.00
- Raiden Diamond Wedding Ring in 18K White Gold (Pair) – $1,830.00
- Aya Diamond Wedding Ring in 18K Rose Gold (Pair) $1,830.00
- Kenzo Diamond Wedding Ring in 18K Rose Gold (Pair) $1,900.00
- Gook Diamond Wedding Ring in 18K White and Rose Gold (Pair) $1,800.00
Highlights:
- They carry GIA-certified diamonds in their jewellery offerings.
- They support customised jewellery in Singapore, so you can request bespoke designs.
- They offer warranties & support policies such as Lifetime Warranty, Diamond Upgrade, 30-days exchange.
Customer Reviews:
Nabilah Syahirah
Just got my wedding ring from Rio Diamonds and I’m seriously in love with it ? The whole process was super smooth and everyone was really nice and helpful, big shout-out to San-San for being so patient and helping me pick out the perfect ring. Really appreciate it! Highly recommend!
Perry Ng
Excellent service provided by Wen Wen and Yu Wei! Highly recommend to anyone who is looking to get their engagement ring or wedding bands!
Naicha
Had my wedding band custom with them as was introduced over by my friend. Their customers service are good and overall am satisfied with the product and will strongly recommend!
Website: https://www.the-rio.com/
Contact: 9014 5988
Location: 545 Orchard Rd, Far East Shopping Centre, #11-13, Singapore 238882
Opening Hours: Monday-Friday 10:30 AM–7:30 PM I Saturday & Sunday 11 AM–7 PM
2. On Cheong Jewellery
Established in 1936, On Cheong Jewellery carries a rich heritage in crafting fine jewellery that blends tradition and modernity. Their gold wedding bands are symbols of everlasting love, carefully designed to reflect both cultural significance and contemporary elegance. With decades of experience, On Cheong ensures each piece meets the highest standards of quality and craftsmanship. They offer a diverse range of gold bands that cater to various styles—from classic designs to bespoke creations tailored to individual preferences. Each ring is meticulously finished to capture a lasting glow and comfort for daily wear. The brand’s strong reputation for authenticity and excellence has made it a trusted name among Singaporean couples. On Cheong also provides personal consultation services for those seeking unique customisation. For couples who value heritage and artistry, On Cheong Jewellery is a timeless choice for wedding gold jewellery.
Prices:
- Their Wedding Rings prices are not available in their website. You can contact them directly to inquire about the price. Or you can visit their physical store.
Highlights:
- Established in 1936, On Cheong is one of Singapore’s oldest jewellery brands.
- It offers bespoke / customized designs, not just mass-produced pieces.
- On Cheong Jewellery is a member of the Singapore Jewellers Association.
Customer Reviews:
Mia “1046” Lee
Went to buy wedding ring. Lily was so patient and nice to recommend us different options ??highly recommended
Jamie T
Excellent service by Thomas. We got a pair of wedding band and he was very patience and we managed to select the design that we wanted. We will definitely be back again in future.
Chris Sin
We visited On Cheong Jewellery to get a pair of wedding rings done, one custom made and the other with a diamond of our own. Yvonne was very considerate of our requests and friendly to accommodate out visits. Yvonne was very thorough in explaining our options (material, designs, sizes, price, waiting time, everything) and patient with going through these options for us. Thanks Yvonne for the excellent service!
Website: https://oncheong.com/
Contact: 6223 4788
Location: 251 South Bridge Road, Singapore 058800
Opening Hours: Monday-Saturday 10:30 AM–6:15 PM I Closed on Sundays
3. Temple & Grace Jewellery
Temple & Grace Jewellery has become one of Singapore’s top destinations for couples seeking finely crafted gold wedding band singapore designs at excellent value. As master jewellers, they pride themselves on handcrafting each ring with precision and care, ensuring top-tier quality. Their selection features a wide range of styles—from minimalist, elegant bands to detailed, diamond-accented masterpieces. What sets them apart is their direct-to-customer model, allowing them to offer exceptional craftsmanship without the hefty retail mark-up. Temple & Grace also provides lifetime polishing, resizing, and aftercare services, making them a reliable partner long after your wedding day. With a focus on both aesthetics and comfort, their rings are designed to fit seamlessly into everyday life. Their attention to detail and use of ethically sourced gold make them a preferred choice among eco-conscious couples. Whether you’re after simplicity or splendour, Temple & Grace delivers unmatched quality and value.
Prices:
- Classic Diamond Ring – $1,448
- Curved Diamond Wedding Band – $1,358
- Round Diamond Scalloped Ring – $2,171
- Centre Grooved Mens Gold Ring – $1,577
- Pave set diamond Wedding Ring – $1,792
- Round diamond petite Wedding Ring – $1,344
- Tiara wedding band – $1,774
- Baguette and Round Wedding Band – $1,358
- Black Diamond with Tantalum ring – $1,650
- Round Diamond Petite Wedding band – $1,358
- classic mens wedding ring 618A02 – $1,737
- classic mens wedding ring 631B01G – $1,463
- 4 Point Diamond Wedding Band – $1,448
- Pave Set Curved Wedding Ring – $1,224
Highlights:
- All jewellery is handcrafted in-house by master jewellers at their Singapore workshop, giving them more control over craftsmanship and cost.
- They advertise savings of over 40% compared to typical high-street jewellery retailers.
- They also offer free unlimited ring resizing for the lifetime of the ring (except on certain special-metal types).
Customer Reviews:
Marcus Chan
Top Choice for Wedding Rings in Singapore.We couldn’t be happier with our experience.The selection of wedding rings was stunning, and the staff made the whole process smooth and memorable. Exceptional quality, service, and attention to detail — truly the best place in Singapore for wedding rings
Colt Davis
Beautifully unique wedding rings with a modern twist. This store is Singapore’s hidden gem for couples who want something truly one of a kind.
Hidayu Malek
Got to know about Temple and Grace through some random searching on Google for wedding rings and I must say it doesn’t disappoint. They cater to my wants and needs perfectly. Got my soon-to-be husband a ring that he loves within an affordable budget. Elizabeth and Janice have been nothing but of great service! Fast and efficient too! Thank you so much!
Website: https://www.templeandgrace.sg/
Contact: 3106 4614
Location: Hotel Orchard Rendezvous, Singapore 247905
Opening Hours: Wednesday-Sunday 11 AM–8 PM I Closed on Mondays & Tuesdays
4. August Bespoke
August Bespoke is known for its refined artistry and personalised approach to jewellery design. Their expert team creates stunning wedding band gold ring designs that embody both luxury and individuality. Each ring is custom-made, ensuring that every piece tells a story unique to the couple who wears it. The brand is celebrated for blending modern design techniques with traditional craftsmanship, resulting in timeless and distinctive creations. Using only the finest gold and precious metals, August Bespoke guarantees enduring brilliance and comfort. Their boutique experience offers couples the chance to be involved in every step of the design process, from sketch to final polish. Their customer service is tailored to provide a deeply personal journey, perfect for those seeking something meaningful and original. August Bespoke is ideal for modern couples who value exclusivity and elegance in their wedding jewellery.
Prices:
- Their Wedding Rings prices are not available in their website. You can contact them directly to inquire about the price. Or you can visit their physical store.
Highlights:
- August Bespoke specialises in custom-designed jewellery, especially engagement rings and wedding bands tailored to your story.
- They use signature cut diamonds and offer bespoke designs rather than purely off-the-shelf pieces.
- They offer both men’s and women’s wedding bands / rings with minimalist styles available.
Customer Reviews:
Lydiawati Amir
Excellent service by Amanda & the team in August bespoke. Amanda took the time to understand what I had initially envisioned and curated a design that fully captures the meaning behind the ring. Will highly recommend August bespoke to anyone seeking a personalised service with a touch of timelessness & elegance.
Ben Smith
Had a wonderful experience dealing with August Bespoke on a tight deadline. The end product was exactly as I’d imagined and my fiancé was super happy!
elena yao
The wedding bands look amazing! We wanted to engrave something longer on the ring and worried it will not turn out well due to the small size of the rings, but Amanda and her team managed to make them look perfectly fine. The rings look shiny and comfortable to wear too. Love August Bespoke Jewellery:)
Website: https://www.augustbespoke.com/
Contact: 8952 8238
Location: 8 Hillview Rise, Singapore 667971
Opening Hours: Monday-Saturday 10 AM–9 PM I Closed on Sundays
5. JannPaul Diamonds Singapore
JannPaul Diamonds Singapore has earned a stellar reputation for precision and brilliance in fine jewellery. Though best known for their diamonds, they also offer stunning gold wedding ring singapore collections crafted with exceptional care. Their wedding bands are designed with both style and comfort in mind, ensuring a perfect balance between modernity and timelessness. JannPaul’s use of premium materials and cutting-edge techniques ensures every ring maintains its lustre for years. The brand provides customisation options for couples looking to add a personal touch, from engraved initials to intricate designs. With an emphasis on craftsmanship and transparency, they’ve become a trusted name for discerning couples. The knowledgeable staff at JannPaul guide clients through every detail, ensuring a stress-free experience. For those who desire high-quality gold bands with diamond-level precision, JannPaul is a standout choice in Singapore.
Prices:
- Their Wedding Rings prices are not available in their website. You can contact them directly to inquire about the price. Or you can visit their physical store.
Highlights:
- They use Super Ideal Cut diamonds, their cut quality exceeds standard “Ideal Cut” standards to maximise brilliance and light return.
- They provide complimentary lifetime cleaning, resizing, prong checks; also polishing/rhodium plating, engraving services.
- They carry both natural mined diamonds and lab-grown diamonds, giving variety in options.
Customer Reviews:
Lenny Thach
Absolutely phenomenal experience! Gene very detailed and gave us all information we needed. They have eye for attention to details and was communicating the whole ring building process down to the beautiful boxing. They set a whole new level of expectation for ring shopping for me. The ring looks exactly how it does in their pictures probably even better lmao. I will go back to them if we ever need ring.
Syahril Bidin
Marie from Jann Paul provided excellent service. She was attentive, patient, and she answered all the queries. The whole experience was delightful. The engagement ring and wedding bands turned out amazing. Thank you once again Marie. Highly recommend Jann Paul.
Wong Reynard
Shout out to Richmond who has been nothing but an absolute delight! His service was exemplary and he was very patient with our multiple design revisions. He made sure to accomodate to our requests and helped make our dream ring a reality. It was a great experience overall.
Website: https://www.jannpaul.com/
Contact: 90219891
Location: 545 Orchard Road, Far East Shopping Center, #1-23, Singapore 238882
Opening Hours: Monday-Saturday 9:30 AM–7:30 PM I Sunday 9:30 AM–6:30 PM
6. Love & Co.
Love & Co. has become synonymous with romance and elegance, offering couples a stunning range of wedding jewellery. Their wedding gold ring collections are crafted to embody eternal love, sophistication, and modern charm. Each piece reflects their dedication to quality and craftsmanship, using the finest materials and designs that cater to every couple’s taste. Whether you’re after a sleek, minimalist look or a detailed, statement-making band, Love & Co. has something for everyone. Their stores provide a luxurious yet welcoming atmosphere, perfect for couples exploring their options together. The brand also offers customisation services, allowing couples to design rings that reflect their personal story. With a strong presence in Singapore, Love & Co. continues to be a top choice for timeless elegance. Their commitment to quality and romantic storytelling makes them a beloved name in wedding jewellery.
Prices:
- LVC Tresor Noemie Wedding Band with Diamonds – $356
- LVC Tresor Coelle Classic Wedding Band with Diamonds – $368
- LVC Tresor Amory Slim Diamond Wedding Band – $391
- LVC Tresor Classic Wedding Band – $407
- LVC Tresor Chiario Diamond Wedding – $407
- LVC Tresor Blessed Wedding Band with Diamonds – $407
- LVC Tresor Biane Amour Diamond Wedding Band – $407
- LVC Tresor Classic Single Diamond Wedding Band – $433
- LVC Tresor Blessed Wedding Band – $457
- LVC Tresor Dakota Wedding Band – $457
Highlights:
- Love & Co offers personalisation and bespoke design services, you can customise engagement rings or wedding bands to suit your style.
- They have their own branded collections such as LVC 9IN (999-pure gold), LVC Promise, LVC Destiny, Say Love™ Diamond etc.
- Love & Co includes lab-grown diamonds in their offering, under certain collections, reflecting a more sustainable / modern approach.
Customer Reviews:
Tiffany Ma
Jacky was very knowledgable and helpful with helping us choose our wedding band that can compliment well with my engagement ring. Was a smooth and happy experience.
Cong Fu Koh
Gotten our wedding band from this shop Excellent service by Jacky, The whole sales experience is wonderful- patient helpful and I highly recommend looking for him should you need any assistance.
adeline soh
Got our wedding bands from Love & Co. ION Orchard. Superb service from Jacky – he was very patient and helpful throughout the consultation. Highly recommend his service. Will be back if I need from Love & Co. services.
Website: https://love-and-co.com/
Contact: 6509 8633
Location: 2 Orchard Turn, #B2 – 64, Singapore 238801
Opening Hours: Monday-Thursday 11 AM–9:30 PM I Friday-Sunday 11 AM–10 PM
7. Orient Jewellers Singapore
With decades of experience, Orient Jewellers Singapore has become a trusted name for fine gold craftsmanship. Their gold wedding bands showcase both traditional artistry and modern sophistication, appealing to couples with diverse preferences. Each piece is meticulously crafted to ensure enduring beauty and comfort for everyday wear. The jeweller’s reputation is built on honesty, exceptional quality, and personal service. They offer a wide selection of gold tones—from warm yellow gold to contemporary white and rose gold—to match every couple’s style. Customisation is also available for those who wish to add a personal touch or cultural motif. Orient Jewellers ensures that each ring represents love, loyalty, and unity through their thoughtful design process. Their expertise and heritage make them a trusted destination for couples seeking meaningful and long-lasting wedding jewellery.
Prices:
- 916 Gold Luxe Shiny Classic Comfort Fit Ring (4mm) – $1,230 – $1,430
- 916 Gold Luxe Shiny Classic Comfort Fit Ring (5mm) – $1,940 – $2,300
- 916 Gold Luxe Matte Duo Eternity Comfort Fit Ring (4mm) – $800 – $970
- 916 Gold Luxe Matte Duo Eternity Comfort Fit Ring (5mm) – $1,500 – $1,610
- 916 Gold Luxe Matte Duo Eternity Comfort Fit Ring (6mm) – $1,770 – $1,930
- 916 Gold Luxe Double Groove Eternity Comfort Fit Ring (4mm) – $670 – $820
- 916 Gold Luxe Double Groove Eternity Comfort Fit Ring (5mm) – $1,270 – $1,450
- 916 Gold Luxe Double Groove Eternity Comfort Fit Ring (6mm) – $1,500 – $1,650
- 916 Gold Classic Bead Edged Comfort Fit Ring Width 3.5mm – $970 – $1,170
- 916 Gold Double Groove Matte Ring – $1,170 – $1,890
- 916 Gold Unity Shiny Grooves Ring (4mm) -$1,080 – $1,210
- 916 Gold Unity Shiny Grooves Ring (5mm) -$1,460 – $1,650
Highlights:
- Orient Jewellers was founded in 1970.
- They are members of the Singapore Jewellers Association and the Diamond Exchange of Singapore.
- They have a bespoke-jewellery arm (Orient Atelier), offering custom / made-to-order pieces.
Customer Reviews:
Jen Tan
Excellent service from Jasmine and Mr Ang and all the staffs. My first time here, and will be back again
Zmdidi
Mr Ang, have a great personality and the colleague here are very friendly. I love the service here and the people here. It amazing and it my first time here purchasing a gold ring for my wife
Jiae Koh
Had a wonderful experience purchasing a gold ring from Evon! She was patient, knowledgeable, and made the whole process smooth and enjoyable. Highly recommend her if you’re looking for quality and great service!
Website: https://orientjewellers.com.sg/
Contact: 6253 3032
Location: 177 Toa Payoh Central, #01-164/166, Singapore 310177
Opening Hours: Monday-Saturday 10:30 AM–8 PM I Sunday 10:30 AM–7:30 PM
Conclusion:
Our wedding journey deserves a symbol that shines as brightly as our love, and nothing does it better than a beautifully designed gold wedding ring in Singapore. With countless elegant and bespoke options available, we can find the perfect band that truly reflects our personality and bond. From traditional artisans to contemporary designers, Singapore’s finest jewellers ensure every piece tells a story worth cherishing for a lifetime. As we exchange rings on our special day, we’re not just wearing jewellery—we’re embracing a promise, a memory, and a love that lasts forever.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
2. What is the average price range for a pair of gold wedding rings in Singapore?
The price of a gold wedding ring set in Singapore can vary dramatically based on the metal, design, and presence of diamonds or other gemstones.
- Basic Gold Bands (18K, Plain): A simple, classic pair of 18K gold bands without stones generally starts from $1,000 to $2,500 for the pair.
- Diamond-Set Rings (Pave, Channel, Half-Eternity): The average cost increases significantly if the ring includes diamonds. Couples typically budget between $3,000 and $6,000 for a pair where the bride's ring features small to moderate-sized diamond settings.
- Key Price Influencers: The final price depends on the global gold price, the weight of the gold used, the karat purity (14K, 18K), and the complexity of the design or engraving.
3. What is the difference between Yellow, White, and Rose Gold, and which is best for durability?
All three colours are typically created using the same base gold purity (e.g., 18K), but they differ in the type of metal alloy mixed with the pure gold:
| Gold Colour | Alloy Composition | Appearance & Maintenance | Durability |
|---|---|---|---|
| Yellow Gold | Gold + Silver + Copper | Classic, warm hue. Requires minimal maintenance. | Moderate. |
| Rose Gold | Gold + Copper (High Concentration) | Romantic, reddish-pink hue. | Highest among the three, as copper is very hard. Requires no re-plating. |
| White Gold | Gold + White Metals (e.g., Palladium, Nickel) + Rhodium Plating | Bright, silvery-white look. Requires re-plating every few years to maintain its white colour (as the rhodium wears off). | High, but the plating adds maintenance cost. |
Verdict: Rose Gold is often cited as the most durable due to its copper content, making it an excellent choice for active individuals.
4. Should our wedding bands match the metal colour or style of the engagement ring?
While historically rings were matched, modern Singaporean couples often choose to prioritise individual taste and practicality.
- Metal Hardness: The most crucial consideration is metal hardness. It is highly recommended that the wedding band's metal should be of a similar hardness (e.g., 18K gold band with an 18K gold engagement ring) to prevent the harder ring from scratching the softer one when worn side-by-side.
- Style and Colour: It is perfectly acceptable for the metals and styles to contrast! Many modern couples mix white gold engagement rings with rose gold wedding bands, or vice-versa. The most important factor is that the couple loves their individual rings, which symbolise their unique connection.
5. How far in advance should we purchase our gold wedding rings, especially if we want a custom design?
Start your ring shopping process early to avoid stress as your wedding date approaches.
- Ready-to-Wear Rings: You should purchase these at least 2 to 3 months before your wedding date to allow time for necessary adjustments, such as resizing and custom engraving.
- Custom-Designed/Bespoke Rings: If you are designing your rings from scratch or having them custom-made, allow a minimum of 3 to 5 months. This time is needed for consultations, design drafting, wax/CAD modelling, casting, and final finishing touches. Planning early ensures that you can handle any production delays without compromising your wedding timeline.
6. What kind of aftercare and maintenance is included when purchasing gold wedding rings in Singapore?
Reputable jewellers in Singapore usually offer essential aftercare services to ensure your rings last a lifetime. You should always inquire about the following when purchasing:
- Cleaning: Most jewellers offer complimentary ultrasonic cleaning services, usually on a lifetime basis.
- Resizing: Check if the first resizing (due to weight change or seasonal swelling) is complimentary. Some jewellers may offer a free resize within a set period (e.g., one year).
- White Gold Re-plating: If you purchase white gold, ask if they include a complimentary rhodium re-plating service, which is necessary every 1-3 years to maintain the brilliant white finish.
- Warranty: Ensure your rings come with a warranty covering manufacturing defects.
7. What are the main factors that affect the final price of a gold wedding ring in Singapore?
The final price is a sum of four key factors:
- Gold Purity and Weight: Higher Karat gold (e.g., 18K vs 14K) and a heavier, thicker band will cost more, as this directly correlates with the current international gold price.
- Design and Craftsmanship: Intricate, complex designs (like woven patterns or mille-grain edges) require more skilled labour and time, resulting in higher "labour charges" or "crafting fees."
- Gemstones: The inclusion of diamonds or gemstones significantly increases the price, depending on the number, cut, clarity, and carat weight of the stones.
- Brand Premium: Rings from well-known international or luxury brands typically carry a substantial premium over rings of similar material and quality from independent or local jewellers.
8. What does the term "hallmark" mean, and why is it important when buying a gold wedding ring in Singapore?
A hallmark is a small, stamped mark found on the inner surface of precious metal jewellery that certifies its purity.
- Purity Guarantee: Hallmarks are your assurance of the gold's content. For example, a stamp of "750" or "18K" confirms that the metal is 75% pure gold. A stamp of "916" means 91.6% pure gold (22K).
- Local Certification: Reputable jewellers may also feature a maker’s mark or a certification mark from an independent testing office (if they utilise such a service) to further attest to the quality and fineness of the metal, providing consumer protection and peace of mind. Always look for the purity mark before finalising your purchase.
9. Is it possible to customise the engraving inside the wedding band, and what are the popular choices in Singapore?
Yes, custom engraving is one of the most popular ways couples personalise their wedding bands, and virtually all Singaporean jewellers offer this service.
- Engraving Methods: Engravings are done either by traditional manual engraving (which gives a deep, handcrafted look) or by laser engraving (which allows for precise, intricate text and symbols).
- Popular Choices:
- The wedding date (e.g., 20.06.2026).
- Each other's initials (e.g., J & A).
- A short, meaningful phrase (e.g., "Always," "Forever," or "I love you").
A unique element like the coordinates of where they met or the heartbeat line of the other person (via laser engraving).
10. Considering Singapore's warm climate, are there specific gold choices that are more comfortable or durable for daily wear?
Yes, lifestyle and climate are important factors to consider for a lifetime piece of jewellery:
- Ring Profile (Comfort Fit): Choose a ring with a "comfort fit" profile, which has a slightly rounded interior edge. This design minimises skin irritation and prevents the ring from digging into the finger, which is more noticeable in humid weather or when fingers swell.
- Metal Purity (18K): As mentioned, 18K is the best blend of purity and hardness. Softer metals (like 24K) will wear down or scratch quickly against daily activities, and harder metals may offer less value.
- Design Simplicity: For those who work actively with their hands, a simple, plain band is highly recommended as it is less likely to catch on clothing or surfaces compared to elaborate settings with protrusions.